Today, the environment, as the foundation for human development, has become one of the most pressing concerns of the international community and has gradually gained increasing relevance in security-related matters. International environmental law is a relatively new branch of international law, primarily based on soft law—that is, legal norms rooted in declarations, statements, guiding principles, and the like, which generally lack strong legal enforceability. This article examines the obligations of contracting parties as well as the multilateral system of access and benefit-sharing within the context of developments in international legal regimes governing agriculture and the environment. In this regard, key treaties and international forums addressing environmental security in the post–Cold War period are analyzed, including the Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio, 1992), the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety (Nairobi, 2000), the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (New York, 1992), and the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Stockholm, 2001). The findings indicate that despite significant progress in international environmental law in recent decades, particularly in terms of protection and conservation, substantial gaps still remain, especially in the area of environmental damage compensation, which continues to pose a major challenge.